Last Updated on 22 September 2025 by Johan

Bulgaria is a diverse and historically rich country in southeastern Europe, bordered by Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece, and Turkey, with a long eastern coastline along the Black Sea. Its landscape ranges from the rugged Balkan Mountains and the alpine Rila and Pirin ranges, to fertile plains and river valleys. Major cities include Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, and Burgas, while smaller towns such as Tryavna, Melnik, and Veliko Tarnovo offer authentic cultural experiences.

Meaning of the Name: Bulgaria

The name Bulgaria originates from the Bulgar tribes, a Turkic people who settled in the region in the 7th century. The etymology is linked to the Old Turkic verb bulğha, meaning “to mix,” reflecting the country’s layered cultural heritage shaped by Thracian, Slavic, and Byzantine influences.

History

The territory now known as Bulgaria has been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times. The Thracians established advanced settlements during the Bronze Age, followed by Roman conquest in 46 AD. After the division of the Roman Empire, the region came under Byzantine control.

In 681 AD, the First Bulgarian Empire was founded and flourished under Tsar Simeon I in the 10th century. After alternating periods of independence and foreign rule—including nearly five centuries under the Ottoman Empire—Bulgaria regained autonomy in 1878 following the Russo-Turkish War.

The 20th century brought political upheaval, including involvement in both World Wars and decades of communist governance. In 2001, Bulgaria made international headlines by electing its former monarch, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, as Prime Minister. Since joining the European Union in 2007, Bulgaria has seen steady economic development and increased tourism.

Tourist Highlights: Bulgaria

Sofia

The capital city blends Roman ruins, Ottoman architecture, and Orthodox heritage. Key landmarks include the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, the National History Museum, and Vitosha Mountain, which offers hiking and winter sports.
Google Maps – Alexander Nevsky Cathedral

Plovdiv

One of Europe’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, Plovdiv features the Ancient Theatre of Philippopolis, cobbled streets in the Old Town, and a thriving arts scene.
Google Maps – Ancient Theatre of Philippopolis

Veliko Tarnovo

Once the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Veliko Tarnovo is home to the medieval Tsarevets Fortress, offering panoramic views and historical exhibitions.
Google Maps – Tsarevets Fortress

Albena

Located 32 km north of Varna, Albena is a purpose-built seaside resort known for its terraced architecture and proximity to the Baltata Nature Reserve, a protected alluvial forest along the Batova River. The resort is car-free during peak season and offers eco-shuttles and bike rentals.

Nature and Landscapes

Bulgaria’s natural diversity includes:

• Rila Monastery: A UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Rila Mountains, known for its frescoes and spiritual significance.
• Pirin National Park: Alpine terrain with glacial lakes and endemic flora.
• Baltata Reserve: Home to over 250 plant species and rich birdlife. Here are grey herons, kingfishers, and white poplars.

Local Tips and Lesser-Known Facts

• Melnik is Bulgaria’s smallest town, famous for its sandstone formations and robust red wines.
• Tryavna is a center for traditional woodcarving and icon painting.
• Shipka Pass features a monument commemorating Bulgaria’s liberation and offers sweeping views of the Balkan range.

Cuisine and Drinks

Bulgarian cuisine is hearty and seasonal, with dishes like:

• Shopska salad: Tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and grated white cheese
• Kavarma: Slow-cooked meat and vegetables
• Banitsa: A pastry filled with cheese and eggs

Local wines such as Mavrud, Melnik, and Gamza are widely appreciated. Bulgarian beer brands like Zagorka and Kamenitza are popular, while fruit brandies (rakia) remain a staple.

Practical Information

• Currency: Bulgarian Lev (BGN), pegged to the Euro
• Language: Bulgarian, written in the Cyrillic alphabet
• Transport: Intercity buses and trains connect major towns; Sofia has a metro system
• Visa: As of 2025, Bulgaria applies Schengen visa rules. Short stays are permitted for up to 90 days within a 180-day period. Long-term stays require a “D” visa obtained prior to arrival.

Seasonal Activities

• Summer: Beach holidays in Albena, Golden Sands, and Sunny Beach
• Winter: Skiing in Bansko, Borovets, and Pamporovo
• Spring/Autumn: Hiking in the Rhodope Mountains, wine tours in Melnik, and cultural festivals in Plovdiv

Sources

• Bulgaria Travel – Official tourism website of Bulgaria; used for information on national parks, heritage sites, visa regulations, and seasonal activities
• Bulgarian State Agency for Tourism – Used for historical facts, visa policies, and cultural institutions
• Bulgarian Monasteries – Used for details on Rila Monastery and religious heritage
• Travel.State.Gov – Used for visa requirements and safety information
• Tryavna Guide – Used for local crafts and museums in Tryavna