Last Updated on 26 August 2025 by Johan
Latvia is located in northeastern Europe, bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the west. The name “Latvia” originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of the four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic foundation of the Latvian people between the 8th and 12th centuries AD. The term “Latvia” was later adopted to represent the unified identity of these tribes.
Historical Background
The territory of Latvia has been shaped by centuries of foreign rule and cultural exchange. After the tribal period, the region came under the control of various powers, including the Germanic crusaders, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and eventually the Russian Empire. Following World War I, Latvia declared independence in 1918, establishing a democratic republic.
In 1940, Latvia was forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union, a move never recognized by the United States and many other Western nations. After decades of occupation, Latvia regained its independence in 1991 following the collapse of the USSR. The final withdrawal of Russian troops occurred in 1994. Since then, Latvia has pursued integration with Western institutions, joining both NATO and the European Union in 2004.
Economic Development
In the early 2000s, Latvia experienced rapid economic growth, with real GDP increasing by over 7% annually and peaking at 10.2% in 2006. The country joined the World Trade Organization in 1999 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2014, replacing the national currency, the lats. Most industries, banks, and real estate assets have been privatized, although the state retains stakes in several strategic enterprises.
Local tip: Visitors interested in economic history can explore the Latvian Bank Museum in Riga, which offers interactive exhibits on currency evolution and financial policy.
Cultural and Architectural Highlights
Latvia is known for its rich cultural heritage, particularly in music, literature, and architecture. The capital city, Riga, features one of the largest collections of Art Nouveau buildings in Europe, alongside medieval structures in the Old Town.
Local tip: Take a guided walking tour through Riga’s Alberta Street to appreciate the intricate facades and learn about the architects who shaped the city’s skyline.
Nature and Outdoor Activities
The country’s landscape is diverse, with over 12,000 rivers, 3,000 lakes, and vast forests covering nearly half of its territory. National parks such as Gauja, Kemeri, and Slītere offer hiking trails, birdwatching, and canoeing opportunities.
Local tip: For a quieter nature experience, visit Lake Engure in western Latvia, a protected area known for its bird observatory and orchid meadows.
Regional Diversity
Beyond Riga, each region of Latvia offers distinct cultural and natural attractions:
- Kurzeme (western Latvia) is known for its rugged coastline and fishing villages.
- Zemgale (southern Latvia) features fertile plains and historical manors.
- Latgale (eastern Latvia) is rich in lakes and Orthodox heritage.
- Vidzeme (central Latvia) includes the Gauja River Valley and medieval castles.
Local tip: Visit Cēsis in Vidzeme to explore one of the oldest towns in Latvia, complete with a restored castle and cobbled streets.
Sources
- https://www.latvija.lv – Official portal of the Republic of Latvia
- https://www.riga.lv – City of Riga
- https://www.vzd.gov.lv – State Land Service of Latvia
- https://www.km.gov.lv – Ministry of Culture of Latvia
- https://www.bank.lv – Bank of Latvia