Baltic states Travel Guide

Last Updated on 26 January 2026 by Johan

The Baltic States form a distinct region in north‑eastern Europe. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania share a long coastline along the Baltic Sea to the west, while Russia lies to the east. The region is marked by sandy beaches, pine forests, and centuries‑old port towns. Inland, the landscape changes to lakes, wetlands, and rolling hills dotted with castles and folk villages. Major cities include Tallinn, Riga, and Vilnius, while smaller towns such as Kuldīga, Cēsis, Haapsalu, and Klaipėda provide quieter and more authentic experiences.

Explanation of the name: Baltic States

The term Baltic originates from the Baltic Sea. Scholars suggest it may derive from the Latin word balteus, meaning belt, possibly referring to the sea’s long and narrow shape. Over time, the name was adopted to describe the three countries that line its eastern shore. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania share historical, cultural, and linguistic ties, yet each retains its own distinct identity. Today, the name Baltic States is widely used in political, cultural, and tourism contexts.

History: Baltic States

The Baltic States have long served as a crossroads between East and West. Ancient tribes such as the Livonians, Curonians, and Samogitians inhabited the region before waves of conquest and trade reshaped it. Estonia and Latvia were part of the Livonian Confederation in the Middle Ages, later falling under Swedish, Polish, and Russian rule. Lithuania formed a powerful union with Poland in the 14th century, creating one of Europe’s largest states at the time. All three countries were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, regained independence in 1991, and joined the European Union and NATO in 2004. Today, the region blends medieval architecture, Soviet‑era relics, and modern European infrastructure, offering a layered historical experience.

Tourist information: Baltic States

Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is famed for its walled medieval centre, cobbled streets, and vibrant arts scene. Toompea Castle, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, and Kadriorg Palace are highlights. The Seaplane Harbour Museum presents maritime history, while Toompea Hill offers panoramic views of the city.

Soomaa National Park in Estonia is known for its “fifth season,” when floods transform the landscape. The park offers bog walks, wildlife spotting, and canoeing through submerged forests. It is a prime destination for nature tourism.

Haapsalu in Estonia is a seaside town with a 13th‑century castle and therapeutic mud baths. It is famous for its spa traditions and summer music festivals. The town is also known for its lace‑making heritage.

Lake Peipus in Estonia is one of Europe’s largest lakes. It is ideal for birdwatching and ice fishing in winter. Villages along the shore preserve Old Believer traditions, adding cultural depth to the natural setting.

Riga, the capital of Latvia, combines Gothic spires with 20th‑century elegance. Its Art Nouveau architecture is among the finest in Europe. The House of the Blackheads and the Central Market are key attractions. The Latvian National Museum of Art and the riverside promenade add cultural interest.

Cēsis in Latvia offers a medieval castle complex and access to Gauja National Park. The Cēsis Art Centre, housed in a converted brewery, adds cultural interest. The town is also known for its role in Latvia’s independence battles.

Kuldīga in Latvia is home to Ventas Rumba, Europe’s widest waterfall. The old town features wooden buildings and artisan shops. The town is often called Latvia’s most romantic destination.

Daugavpils in Latvia is known for its fortress, one of the best‑preserved in Europe. The Mark Rothko Art Centre, dedicated to the famous painter born here, combines exhibitions with cultural events.

Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, is known for its baroque old town and quirky neighbourhoods. Gediminas Tower, Vilnius Cathedral, and the Republic of Užupis are highlights. Užupis is a bohemian enclave with its own constitution and street art.

Kaunas in Lithuania is the country’s second largest city. It features Kaunas Castle, a Gothic fortress, and the Ninth Fort Museum, which documents wartime history. The city is also known for its modernist architecture, recognised by UNESCO.

Šiauliai in Lithuania is home to the Hill of Crosses, a pilgrimage site with thousands of crosses placed by visitors over centuries. It symbolises resilience and faith, and remains one of Lithuania’s most iconic landmarks.

The Curonian Spit in Lithuania is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It features towering sand dunes, pine forests, and fishing villages. Visitors can explore the Parnidis Dune and the Thomas Mann Museum. The area is accessible by ferry from Klaipėda.

Fun things for children

Families can enjoy Tallinn’s Seaplane Harbour Museum, which has interactive exhibits. Riga’s Central Market offers food stalls and activities for children. Vilnius has parks and playgrounds, while the Curonian Spit provides sandy beaches suitable for families. Winter resorts in Latvia and Lithuania offer ski lessons for beginners. In Estonia, Haapsalu’s castle hosts events with medieval themes that appeal to younger visitors. In Latvia, Cēsis offers family‑friendly trails in Gauja National Park. In Lithuania, Kaunas Zoo and Vilnius Toy Museum provide engaging experiences for children.

Culinary highlights

Lithuania is known for cepelinai, potato dumplings filled with meat. Latvia offers grey peas with bacon, a traditional winter dish. Estonia serves smoked fish and black bread, staples of its cuisine. Recommended eateries include Restoran Moon in Tallinn for modern Estonian cuisine, Rozengrāls in Riga for medieval‑themed dining, and Etno Dvaras in Vilnius for traditional Lithuanian dishes. In Kaunas, visitors can try šakotis, a tree‑shaped cake baked on a spit. In Latvia, rye bread is a staple served with soups and stews. Estonia is also known for kama, a flour mix used in drinks and desserts.

Outdoor routes and nature

The Via Baltica is a driving route connecting all three capitals. The Baltic Coastal Hiking Trail stretches from Tallinn to Nida, passing beaches and fishing villages. Lake Peipus in Estonia is ideal for birdwatching and ice fishing in winter. Gauja National Park in Latvia offers hiking and cycling routes through forests and sandstone cliffs. Lithuania’s Dzūkija National Park provides trails through pine forests and wetlands. Saaremaa Island in Estonia is known for its windmills and coastal paths. Kurzeme in Latvia features coastal dunes and fishing villages. Aukštaitija National Park in Lithuania offers canoeing routes across interconnected lakes.

Seasonal activities and events

The Vilnius Street Art Festival is held annually in September, showcasing murals and installations. Tallinn Old Town Days celebrate medieval culture with music, crafts, and parades during summer. The Riga Opera Festival features performances by the Latvian National Opera in June. In Estonia, the Song and Dance Celebration takes place every five years, with the next edition scheduled for 2026. In Latvia, the Positivus Festival brings international music acts each summer. In Lithuania, the Kaziukas Fair in Vilnius each March offers crafts and traditional food. These events highlight the region’s vibrant cultural calendar.

Practical information

International buses such as Lux Express and Ecolines connect major cities. Trains are available but slower. Airports in Tallinn, Riga, and Vilnius provide international connections, including budget airlines. Parking is available in city centres, usually in paid zones, while smaller towns often offer free parking. Most museums and public buildings provide wheelchair access. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania all use the Euro as their currency. English is widely spoken in tourist areas, while Russian and German are also understood in many places.

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