Last Updated on 26 August 2025 by Johan
Iceland is a Nordic island nation located in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland (approximately 300 km to the west) and the Faroe Islands (around 500 km to the southeast). Despite its name, much of Iceland is not covered in ice; the name likely originated from early Norse explorers who wanted to discourage settlement or emphasize the contrast with nearby Greenland. The Icelandic name “Ísland” directly translates to “land of ice,” reflecting the presence of glaciers and the country’s dramatic climate.
Geological and Historical Background
Iceland sits atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates meet. This location makes it one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. The island’s landscape was shaped by repeated volcanic eruptions and glacial activity, resulting in lava fields, geothermal springs, and rugged fjords.
Human settlement began in the late 9th century, primarily by Norse and Celtic settlers. The island’s isolation allowed for the development of a unique culture and language. During the Middle Ages, volcanic activity and geothermal phenomena were often interpreted as supernatural or demonic. Today, these same forces are harnessed for sustainable energy and tourism.
Local tip: Visit the Lava Centre in Hvolsvöllur to explore interactive exhibits on Iceland’s volcanic systems and tectonic history.
Natural Resources and Economy
The foundation of Iceland’s economy lies in its natural resources. Geothermal energy is used to heat homes and public pools, while hydroelectric power supports industry. The surrounding waters within the 200-mile exclusive economic zone are rich in fish, making sustainable fishing a cornerstone of the economy.
Local tip: Try a geothermal-heated outdoor pool in Reykjavík or Akureyri—many are open year-round and offer a relaxing way to experience Icelandic culture.
Landscapes and Regional Highlights
Iceland’s terrain varies dramatically by region:
- In the south, vast black sand beaches meet the Atlantic, bordered by glaciers such as Vatnajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. The contrast between ice and volcanic ash creates striking visual patterns.
- The east features steep basalt plateaus carved by fjords and narrow valleys. This region is less populated and ideal for solitude and hiking.
- The north is home to wide valleys and Eyjafjörður, the country’s longest fjord. The area around Akureyri is known for its botanical gardens and whale-watching tours.
- The northwest is a remote coastal region with deep fjords and sparse settlements. Winter avalanches are common and can isolate communities.
- The highlands are a barren expanse of lava fields and gravel deserts, resembling a lunar landscape. This area is accessible only in summer and requires a 4×4 vehicle.
Local tip: For a less crowded experience, explore the Eastfjords in late summer. Villages like Seyðisfjörður offer art, history, and scenic drives.
Waterfalls and Hidden Gems
Iceland is home to hundreds of waterfalls, ranging from powerful cascades like Dettifoss and Gullfoss to smaller, unnamed falls tucked into remote valleys. Many have legends attached, while others remain undiscovered by most visitors.
Local tip: Hike to Háifoss in Þjórsárdalur Valley for panoramic views and fewer tourists than the more famous sites.
Sources
- https://www.ust.is – Environment Agency of Iceland
- https://www.vedur.is – Icelandic Meteorological Office
- https://www.lmi.is – National Land Survey of Iceland
- https://www.rannis.is – Icelandic Centre for Research
- https://www.althingi.is – Parliament of Iceland